Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement technique measures what it should measure. Measurement techniques should not only be reliable, but also valid. When the observers make similar judgements (thus, a high inter-rater reliability), the correlation between their judgements should be. It refers to the extent to which two or more observers observe and code the behavior of participants equally. Inter-rater reliability is also called ‘ inter-judge’ or ‘inter-observer’ reliability. c-bar : the average inter-item covariance among the items. The total variance in a data set of scores consists of two parts: 1) variance by true scores and 2) variance by measurement errors. If making their measurement more reliable is not possible, they can decide not to use the measurement at all. If they determine that their measure was not reliable enough, they can try to make their measurement more reliable. In addition, they do not know how reliable their measure is precisely, but they can estimate how reliable it is. Scientist are never completely certain how much measurement error is persistent in a study and what the true scores of participants are. Back to top Reliability as systematic variance
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